![]() Helico had worked in Rome as a craftsman and then returned to his home north of the Alps with a dried fig, a grape, and some oil and wine, the desirability of which caused his countrymen to invade northern Italy. 77 AD), Pliny provides a foundation myth for the Celtic settlement of Cisalpine Gaul in which a Helvetian named Helico plays the role of culture hero. ![]() History Earliest historical sources and settlement Caesar does not explicitly name the tribal authorities prosecuting the case and gathering men to apprehend Orgetorix, but he refers to them by the Latin terms civitas ("state" or "tribe") and magistratus ("officials"). When Orgetorix, one of their most prominent and ambitious noblemen, was making plans to establish himself as their king, he faced execution by burning if found guilty. Like many other tribes, the Helvetii did not have kings at the time of their clash with Rome but instead seem to have been governed by a class of noblemen (Lat. However, the figures are generally dismissed as too high by modern scholars (see hereafter). His tally of the total population taken from captured Helvetian records written in Greek is 263,000 people, including fighting men, old men, women and children. Īccording to Caesar, the territory abandoned by the Helvetii had comprised 400 villages and 12 oppida (fortified settlements). There has been substantial debate in Swiss historiography (beginning with Felix Stähelin 1927) on whether the Tougeni may or may not be identified with the Teutones mentioned by Titus Livius. 1.27) and the Tigurini (1.12), Posidonius the Tigurini and the Tougeni ( Τωυγενοί). Of the four Helvetian pagi or sub-tribes, Caesar names only the Verbigeni ( Bell. Gall. The inscription in Etruscan letters reads eluveitie, which has been interpreted as the Etruscan form of the Celtic elu̯eti̯os ("the Helvetian"), presumably referring to a man of Helvetian descent living in Mantua. The earliest attestation of the name is found in a graffito on a vessel from Mantua, dated to c. helu- > elu-), attests of an archaic formation. The presence of the initial h-, remnant of a previous p- ( PIE *pelh 1u- > Celt. The Gaulish ethnic name Helvetii is generally interpreted as (h)elu-ētioi ('rich in land'), from elu- ('numerous', cf. They are mentioned as Helvetii by Cicero (mid-1st c. The Helvetii were largely assimilated by their new rulers, contributing to the ethnogenesis of modern Swiss people. The Alemanni and Burgundians established permanent settlements in the Swiss plateau in the 5th and 6th centuries, resulting in the early medieval territories of Alemannia (Swabia) and Upper Burgundy. In the later 3rd century, Roman control over the region waned, and the Swiss plateau was exposed to the invading Alemanni. The Helvetians, like the rest of Gaul, were largely Romanized by the 2nd century. The Swiss plateau was at first incorporated into the Roman province of Gallia Belgica (22 BC), later into Germania Superior (AD 83). In AD 68, a Helvetian uprising was crushed by Aulus Caecina Alienus. The Helvetians were subjugated after 52 BC, and under Augustus, Celtic oppida, such as Vindonissa or Basilea, were re-purposed as garrisons. They feature prominently in the Commentaries on the Gallic War, with their failed migration attempt to southwestern Gaul (58 BC) serving as a catalyst for Caesar's conquest of Gaul. Of these, Caesar names only the Verbigeni and the Tigurini, while Posidonius mentions the Tigurini and the Tougeni ( Τωυγενοί). According to Julius Caesar, the Helvetians were divided into four subgroups or pagi. The Helvetii ( Latin: Helvētiī, Gaulish: * Heluētī), anglicized as Helvetians, were a Celtic tribe or tribal confederation occupying most of the Swiss plateau at the time of their contact with the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC. 162 and 168.Map of Gaul with tribes, 1st century BC the Helvetii are circled. Xavier Delamarre (Éditions Errance, 2003).Lewis & Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879. ![]() Helvētius m sg ( genitive Helvētiī or Helvētī, feminine Helvētia) second declension of or pertaining to the Helvetii Helvetian.Helvētius ( feminine Helvētia, neuter Helvētium) first/ second-declension adjective ( Ecclesiastical ) IPA ( key): /elˈvet.t͡si.us/,.( Classical ) IPA ( key): /helˈu̯eː.ti.us/,.A Celtic name, from Gaulish -elu ( “ gain, prosperity ” ), from Proto-Celtic *elu, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁u- ( “ many ” ) and etu- ( “ terrain, grassland ” ), which is cognate with Old Irish íath ( “ grassland, territory ” ).
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